What Color Is The Top Team At P.l.a.y Travelling Volleyball

Squad sport

This article needs attention from an good in Volleyball. The specific problem is: besides much unsourced information. WikiProject Volleyball may exist able to assist recruit an expert. (September 2015)

Volleyball

Typical volleyball activity.
Highest governing body	FIVB
Start played	1895, Holyoke, Massachusetts, United States
Characteristics
Contact	None
Squad members	half-dozen
Mixed-sexual activity	Single
Type	Indoor, beach, grass
Equipment	Volleyball
Glossary	Glossary of volleyball
Presence
Land or region	Worldwide (well-nigh pop in Europe and E Asia)
Olympic	1964

Volleyball is a team sport in which ii teams of six players are separated past a net. Each team tries to score points by grounding a ball on the other team'due south court under organized rules.^[ane] Information technology has been a part of the official program of the Summertime Olympic Games since Tokyo 1964. Embankment volleyball was introduced to the programme at the Atlanta 1996. The adapted version of volleyball at the Summer Paralympic Games is sitting volleyball.

The complete gear up of rules is extensive,^[2] but play essentially gain as follows: a thespian on 1 of the teams begins a 'rally' by serving the ball (tossing or releasing it and then striking it with a hand or arm), from backside the back boundary line of the court, over the net, and into the receiving team's court.^[3] The receiving team must not let the ball be grounded within their court. The team may touch the ball upwards to three times (one player cannot double touch the ball) to return the ball to the other side of the court, but individual players may not touch the ball twice consecutively.^[iii] Typically, the first two touches are used to gear up for an attack. An attack is an try to direct the brawl back over the cyberspace in such a way that the team receiving the ball is unable to pass the brawl and continue the rally, thus, losing the signal. The team that wins the rally is awarded a bespeak and serves the ball to first the next rally. A few of the most common faults include:

• causing the ball to bear on the ground or floor outside the opponents' courtroom or without first passing over the net;
• catching and throwing the brawl;
• double striking: two consecutive contacts with the ball made by the same player;
• four consecutive contacts with the ball fabricated by the same squad;
• internet foul: touching the net during play;
• foot fault: the human foot crosses over the boundary line when serving or nether the net when a front row role player is trying to keep the brawl in play.

The ball is usually played with the hands or arms, but players tin legally strike or button (brusk contact) the ball with any part of the body.

A number of consistent techniques have evolved in volleyball, including spiking and blocking (because these plays are fabricated above the peak of the internet, the vertical bound is an athletic skill emphasized in the sport) equally well as passing, setting, and specialized thespian positions and offensive and defensive structures.^[4]

History

Origins

In December 1895,^[5] in Holyoke, Massachusetts (Us), William G. Morgan, a YMCA physical education director, created a new game called Mintonette, a name derived from the game of badminton,^[6] as a pastime to exist played (preferably) indoors and by any number of players. The game took some of its characteristics from other sports such every bit baseball, lawn tennis and handball.^[7] Another indoor sport, basketball, was catching on in the area, having been invented just ten miles (sixteen kilometres) away in the city of Springfield, Massachusetts, only four years before. Mintonette was designed to be an indoor sport, less rough than basketball, for older members of the YMCA, while nevertheless requiring a bit of athletic endeavor.

The beginning rules, written down by William Thou. Morgan, called for a net 6 ft 6 in (ane.98 m) high, a 25 ft × 50 ft (seven.6 m × xv.ii thou) courtroom, and whatever number of players. A match was composed of 9 innings with three serves for each team in each inning, and no limit to the number of ball contacts for each team earlier sending the brawl to the opponents' court. In case of a serving mistake, a 2nd endeavour was allowed. Hit the ball into the net was considered a foul (with loss of the point or a side-out)—except in the case of the start-try serve.

After an observer, Alfred Halstead, noticed the volleying nature of the game at its first exhibition match in 1896, played at the International YMCA Training School (now called Springfield Higher), the game quickly became known as volleyball (it was originally spelled as two words: "volley brawl "). Volleyball rules were slightly modified past the International YMCA Training School and the game spread around the land to various YMCAs.^{[eight] [nine]}

In the early 1900s Spalding, through its publishing visitor American Sports Publishing Visitor, produced books with complete instruction and rules for the sport.^[10]

Refinements and afterward developments

Japanese American women playing volleyball, Manzanar internment camp, California, c.  1943

The commencement official ball used in volleyball is disputed; some sources say Spalding created the start official brawl in 1896, while others merits it was created in 1900.^{[xi] [12] [13]} The rules evolved over time: in 1916, in the Philippines, the skill and power of the set and fasten had been introduced, and four years later a "3 hits" dominion and a rule against hitting from the dorsum row were established. In 1917, the game was changed from requiring 21 points to win to a smaller 15 points to win. In 1919, about 16,000 volleyballs were distributed past the American Expeditionary Forces to their troops and allies, which sparked the growth of volleyball in new countries.^[11]

The start state outside the United States to adopt volleyball was Canada in 1900.^[11] An international federation, the Fédération Internationale de Volleyball (FIVB), was founded in 1947, and the showtime World Championships were held in 1949 for men and 1952 for women.^[xiv] The sport is now pop in Brazil, in Europe (where especially Italy, holland, and countries from Eastern Europe have been major forces since the tardily 1980s), in Russia, and in other countries including People's republic of china and the residuum of Asia, as well as in the United States.^{[viii] [9] [14]}

A nudist/naturist volleyball game at the Sunny Trails Club during the 1958 Canadian Sunbathing Clan (CSA) convention in British Columbia, Canada

Beach volleyball, a variation of the game played on sand and with but two players per team, became a FIVB-endorsed variation in 1987 and was added to the Olympic program at the 1996 Summer Olympics.^{[11] [14]} Volleyball is besides a sport at the Paralympics managed by the World Organization Volleyball for Disabled.

Nudists were early adopters of the game with regular organized play in clubs equally early on as the late 1920s.^{[15] [16]} By the 1960s, a volleyball court had become standard in almost all nudist/naturist clubs.^[17]

Volleyball in the Olympics

Volleyball has been part of the Summer Olympics program for both men and women consistently since 1964.

Rules of the game

The court dimensions

A volleyball court is 9 m × 18 thou (29.five ft × 59.1 ft), divided into equal square halves by a net with a width of i meter (39.4 in).^[18] The top of the net is two.43 grand (seven ft 11+ 11⁄16  in) above the centre of the courtroom for men's competition, and 2.24 yard (seven ft four+ 3⁄16  in) for women's competition, varied for veterans and junior competitions.^[3]

The minimum superlative clearance for indoor volleyball courts is 7 m (23.0 ft), although a clearance of 8 thou (26.ii ft) is recommended.^[18]

A line 3 yard (ix.8 ft) from and parallel to the net is considered the "assail line". This "3 meter" (or "10-human foot") line divides the court into "back row" and "front end row" areas (also back court and front end courtroom).^[xviii] These are in turn divided into 3 areas each: these are numbered equally follows, starting from expanse "one", which is the position of the serving histrion:

After a team gains the serve (also known as siding out), its members must rotate in a clockwise direction, with the histrion previously in expanse "two" moving to expanse "one" and so on, with the histrion from expanse "1" moving to area "6".^[iii] Each role player rotates but one fourth dimension later the team gains possession of the service; the next fourth dimension each player rotates volition be after the other squad wins possession of the ball and loses the point.^[eighteen]

The team courts are surrounded past an area called the free zone which is a minimum of 3 meters broad and which the players may enter and play inside later the service of the ball.^[19] All lines cogent the boundaries of the team court and the attack zone are drawn or painted within the dimensions of the expanse and are therefore a office of the courtroom or zone. If a ball comes in contact with the line, the ball is considered to be "in". An antenna is placed on each side of the net perpendicular to the sideline and is a vertical extension of the side boundary of the court. A ball passing over the cyberspace must pass completely between the antennae (or their theoretical extensions to the ceiling) without contacting them.^[three]

The brawl

FIVB regulations state that the brawl must be spherical, made of leather or constructed leather, have a circumference of 65–67 cm (26–26 in), a weight of 260–280 m (9.ii–nine.9 oz) and an interior air pressure of 0.xxx–0.325 kg/cmⁱⁱ (four.26 to 4.61 psi)(294.three to 318.82 mbar or hPa).^[20] Other governing bodies accept like regulations.

Gameplay

White is on the assail while red attempts to block.

Each team consists of vi players.^[18] To get play started, a team is chosen to serve by coin toss. A player from the serving team throws the ball into the air and attempts to hit the ball then it passes over the net on a course such that information technology volition land in the opposing team'south court (the serve).^[18] The opposing team must utilize a combination of no more than three contacts with the volleyball to return the brawl to the opponent'southward side of the cyberspace.^[18] These contacts usually consist start of the crash-land or laissez passer and so that the ball'south trajectory is aimed towards the player designated as the setter; 2d of the set up (usually an over-hand pass using wrists to button finger-tips at the ball) by the setter so that the ball's trajectory is aimed towards a spot where one of the players designated as an assaulter tin hit it, and third past the attacker who spikes (jumping, raising one arm above the head and hitting the brawl so information technology will move rapidly down to the ground on the opponent'due south court) to return the ball over the net.^[3] The team with possession of the ball that is trying to assault the ball as described is said to be on offence.

The team on defence force attempts to prevent the attacker from directing the brawl into their court: players at the net jump and achieve above the top (and if possible, beyond the plane) of the net to cake the attacked ball.^[three] If the ball is hit around, above, or through the block, the defensive players arranged in the rest of the court try to control the ball with a dig (usually a fore-arm laissez passer of a hard-driven ball). Subsequently a successful dig, the team transitions to offence.

The game continues in this manner, rallying dorsum and forth until the ball touches the court within the boundaries or until an error is made.^[18] The near frequent errors that are fabricated are either to fail to return the brawl over the cyberspace within the allowed three touches, or to cause the ball to land outside the courtroom.^[eighteen] A ball is "in" if any function of it touches the inside of a team's court or a sideline or cease-line, and a strong spike may compress the ball enough when it lands that a ball which at first appears to be going out may actually exist in. Players may travel well exterior the court to play a ball that has gone over a sideline or end-line in the air.

Other common errors include a player touching the ball twice in succession, a player "catching" the ball, a player touching the net while attempting to play the ball, or a actor penetrating under the net into the opponent's court. There are a large number of other errors specified in the rules, although most of them are infrequent occurrences. These errors include back-row or libero players spiking the brawl or blocking (back-row players may spike the brawl if they leap from behind the attack line), players not being in the correct position when the ball is served, attacking the serve in the frontcourt and to a higher place the superlative of the net, using some other player equally a source of support to attain the brawl, stepping over the back boundary line when serving, taking more 8 seconds to serve,^[21] or playing the ball when it is above the opponent's court.

Scoring

Scorer'south table just before a game

A signal is scored when the ball contacts the floor within the court boundaries or when an error is fabricated: when the ball strikes ane team's side of the court, the other team gains a point; and when an error is made, the team that did not make the error is awarded a bespeak, in either case paying no regard to whether they served the ball or non. If any part of the ball hits the line, the ball is counted as in the court. The team that won the betoken serves for the next point. If the squad that won the betoken served in the previous point, the same player serves once more. If the team that won the point did not serve the previous point, the players of the squad acquiring the serve rotate their position on the court in a clockwise fashion. The game continues, with the offset team to score 25 points by a two-bespeak margin awarded the ready. Matches are best-of-v sets and the fifth gear up, if necessary, is normally played to fifteen points. (Scoring differs betwixt leagues, tournaments, and levels; high schools sometimes play best-of-three to 25; in the NCAA matches are played all-time-of-five to 25 as of the 2008 season.)^[22]

Before 1999, points could be scored simply when a squad had the serve (side-out scoring) and all sets went up to just fifteen points. The FIVB changed the rules in 1999 (with the changes beingness compulsory in 2000) to employ the current scoring organisation (formerly known every bit rally point system), primarily to make the length of the match more predictable and to make the game more spectator- and television-friendly.

The final year of side-out scoring at the NCAA Division I Women's Volleyball Championship was 2000. Rally point scoring debuted in 2001,^[23] and games were played to xxx points through 2007. For the 2008 flavour, games were renamed "sets" and reduced to 25 points to win. Well-nigh high schools in the U.S. inverse to rally scoring in 2003,^{[24] [25] [26]} and several states implemented it the previous yr on an experimental footing.^[27]

Libero

The libero thespian was introduced internationally in 1998,^[28] and fabricated its debut for NCAA contest in 2002.^[29] The libero is a player specialized in defensive skills: the libero must habiliment a contrasting jersey color from their teammates and cannot block or attack the brawl when it is entirely above cyberspace height. When the brawl is not in play, the libero can replace any back-row histrion, without prior notice to the officials. This replacement does non count against the substitution limit each team is allowed per set, although the libero may be replaced only past the player whom he or she replaced. Most U.South. high schools added the libero position from 2003 to 2005.^{[25] [xxx]}

The modern-day libero often takes on the role of a second setter. When the setter digs the ball, the libero is typically responsible for the second brawl and sets to the front row aggressor. The libero may function as a setter simply under certain restrictions. To make an overhand prepare, the libero must be standing behind (and not stepping on) the 3-meter line; otherwise, the ball cannot be attacked above the net in front of the three-meter line. An underhand laissez passer is allowed from whatsoever function of the court.

The libero is, generally, the most skilled defensive player on the team. There is also a libero tracking sheet, where the referees or officiating team must keep track of whom the libero subs in and out for. Under FIVB (Federation Internationale de Volleyball) rules, two liberos are designated at the beginning of the play, merely ane of whom tin can be on the court at any fourth dimension.

Furthermore, a libero is not allowed to serve, co-ordinate to international rules. NCAA rules for both men and women differ on this point; a 2004 dominion change allows the libero to serve, simply only in a specific rotation. That is, the libero can only serve for one person, not for all of the people for whom he or she goes in. That dominion change was also applied to loftier school and junior loftier play soon later on.

Contempo dominion changes

Other rule changes enacted in 2000 include assuasive serves in which the brawl touches the net, as long as information technology goes over the internet into the opponents' court. Too, the service area was expanded to allow players to serve from anywhere behind the finish line but however within the theoretical extension of the sidelines. Other changes were fabricated to lighten upwardly calls on faults for carries and double-touches, such as allowing multiple contacts by a single player ("double-hits") on a squad's first contact provided that they are a part of a single play on the brawl.

In 2008, the NCAA changed the minimum number of points needed to win any of the first four sets from 30 to 25 for women'southward volleyball (men's volleyball remained at 30 for another three years, switching to 25 in 2011). If a 5th (deciding) set up is reached, the minimum required score remains at 15. In improver, the discussion "game" is now referred to every bit "prepare".^[22]

The Official Volleyball Rules are prepared and updated every few years past the FIVB's Rules of the Game and Refereeing Committee.^[31] The latest edition is usually available on the FIVB'southward website.^[two]

Skills

Competitive teams chief six basic skills: serve, pass, set, assault, block and dig.^[three] Each of these skills comprises a number of specific techniques that accept been introduced over the years and are now considered standard practice in high-level volleyball.

Serve

A player making a leap serve

3D blitheness floating serve

A player stands behind the inline and serves the ball, in an attempt to drive it into the opponent's courtroom. The main objective is to make information technology state within the court; it is also desirable to set the ball's direction, speed and dispatch so that it becomes difficult for the receiver to handle it properly.^[3] A serve is called an "ace" when the brawl lands directly onto the court or travels outside the court afterwards being touched by an opponent; when the only actor on the server's team to bear upon the brawl is the server.

In contemporary volleyball, many types of serves are employed:

• Underhand: a serve in which the player strikes the ball below the waist instead of tossing information technology upwards and striking it with an overhand throwing motion. Underhand serves are considered very easy to receive and are rarely employed in loftier-level competitions.^[32]
• Sky ball serve: a specific type of underhand serve occasionally used in beach volleyball, where the brawl is hit then high information technology comes down almost in a straight line. This serve was invented and employed almost exclusively past the Brazilian team in the early 1980s and is now considered outdated. During the 2016 Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro, however, the sky brawl serve was extensively played by Italian beach volleyball player Adrian Carambula. In Brazil, this serve is called Jornada nas Estrelas (Star Trek).^[33]
• Topspin: an overhand serve where the role player tosses the ball loftier and hits information technology with a wrist snap, giving information technology topspin which causes it to driblet faster than it would otherwise and helps maintain a direct flying path. Topspin serves are generally hit hard and aimed at a specific returner or part of the court. Standing topspin serves are rarely used in a higher place the loftier school level of play.^[32]
• Bladder: an overhand serve where the ball is hit with no spin so that its path becomes unpredictable, akin to a knuckleball in baseball game.^[32]
• Jump serve: an overhand serve where the ball is first tossed high in the air, then the role player makes a timed approach and jumps to make contact with the brawl, hitting information technology with much pace and topspin. This is the near pop serve among college and professional teams.^[32]
• Bound float: an overhand serve where the ball is tossed high enough that the role player may jump before hitting it similarly to a continuing float serve. The brawl is tossed lower than a topspin jump serve, but contact is still fabricated while in the air. This serve is condign more than popular amongst college and professional players because information technology has a sure unpredictability in its flying pattern.^[32]

Laissez passer

A histrion making a forearm pass or bump

Too called reception, the laissez passer is the attempt by a team to properly handle the opponent's serve or any form of assail. Proper handling includes non just preventing the brawl from touching the court simply also making it attain the position where the setter is standing speedily and precisely.^[3]

The skill of passing involves fundamentally two specific techniques: underarm pass, or bump, where the ball touches the within part of the joined forearms or platform, at waistline; and overhand pass, where information technology is handled with the fingertips, like a prepare, above the head.^[three] Either are acceptable in professional and beach volleyball; withal, there are much tighter regulations on the overhand pass in embankment volleyball. When a player passes a brawl to their setter, it'due south ideal that the ball does not have a lot of spin to brand information technology easier for the setter.

Gear up

The prepare is usually the 2nd contact that a team makes with the ball.^[3] The principal goal of setting is to put the brawl in the air in such a way that information technology can be driven by an assault into the opponent's court.^[iii] The setter coordinates the offensive movements of a squad, and is the actor who ultimately decides which role player will actually attack the brawl.

As with passing, one may distinguish between an overhand and a crash-land set. Since the former allows for more command over the speed and management of the ball, the bump is used only when the ball is so depression it cannot be properly handled with fingertips, or in embankment volleyball where rules regulating overhand setting are more stringent. In the case of a set, one besides speaks of a front end or dorsum set, meaning whether the ball is passed in the direction the setter is facing or backside the setter. There is also a jump gear up that is used when the ball is besides shut to the cyberspace. In this case, the setter commonly jumps off their correct human foot direct up to avoid going into the cyberspace. The setter usually stands about ⅔ of the way from the left to the correct of the net and faces the left (the larger portion of net that he or she can meet).

Sometimes a setter refrains from raising the brawl for a teammate to perform an attack and tries to play it straight onto the opponent's courtroom. This motility is called a "dump".^[34] This tin can but exist performed when the setter is in the front row, otherwise it constitutes an illegal back courtroom assail. The near common dumps are to 'throw' the ball behind the setter or in front of the setter to zones two and four. More experienced setters toss the brawl into the deep corners or spike the ball on the second hit.

As with a set or an overhand pass, the setter/passer must be careful to touch the brawl with both hands at the same time.^[3] If ane mitt is noticeably tardily to touch the ball this could upshot in a less effective set, too as the referee calling a 'double hitting' and giving the indicate to the opposing squad.

Attack

The attack, besides known equally the spike, is usually the third contact a squad makes with the brawl.^[3] The object of attacking is to handle the brawl and then that it lands on the opponent'south court and cannot be defended.^[3] A histrion makes a series of steps (the "arroyo"), jumps, and swings at the brawl.

Ideally, the contact with the ball is made at the apex of the hitter's jump. At the moment of contact, the hitter'due south arm is fully extended above their head and slightly forward, making the highest possible contact while maintaining the ability to deliver a powerful hit. The hitter uses arm swing, wrist snap, and a rapid forward contraction of the entire torso to bulldoze the ball.^[3] A 'bounce' is a slang term for a very difficult/loud spike that follows an nigh directly trajectory steeply downward into the opponent'south court and bounces very high into the air. A "kill" is the slang term for an attack that is not returned by the other team thus resulting in a signal.

Gimmicky volleyball comprises a number of attacking techniques:^[35]

• Backcourt (or back row): an attack performed by a dorsum-row player. The player must jump from behind the 3-meter line before making contact with the brawl, merely may state in forepart of the three-meter line. A Pipe Attack is when the heart player in the back row attacks the ball.
• Line and Cross-court Shot: refers to whether the ball flies in a straight trajectory parallel to the sidelines, or crosses through the court in an angle. A cantankerous-court shot with a very pronounced angle, resulting in the ball landing near the 3-meter line, is called a cutting shot.
• Dip/Dink/Tip/Cheat/Dump: the player does non endeavor to make a hit, just touches the ball lightly, and so that it lands on an surface area of the opponent's courtroom that is not being covered past the defence force.
• Tool/Wipe/Block-abuse: the thespian does not endeavour to make a hard spike, but hits the ball and then that it touches the opponent'due south block and then bounces off-courtroom.
• Off-speed hit: the actor does not hitting the ball hard, reducing its speed and thus disruptive the opponent'south defence.
• Quick hit/"One": an set on (commonly by the middle blocker) where the approach and spring begin before the setter contacts the ball. The set (chosen a "quick prepare") is placed only slightly above the net and the ball is struck by the hitter almost immediately after leaving the setter's hands. Quick attacks are frequently effective because they isolate the eye blocker to exist the only blocker on the hit.
• Slide: a variation of the quick hit that uses a low backset. The centre hitter steps around the setter and hits from backside him or her.
• Double quick striking/"Stack"/"Tandem": a variation of quick striking where 2 hitters, one in front end and one behind the setter or both in front end of the setter, jump to perform a quick hitting at the same fourth dimension. It can be used to deceive opposite blockers and free a fourth hitter attacking from back-courtroom, maybe without block at all.

Block

Three players performing a block (a.k.a. triple block)

Blocking refers to the actions taken by players continuing at the internet to stop or modify an opponent's attack.^[3]

A cake that is aimed at completely stopping an attack, thus making the brawl remain in the opponent's court, is called offensive. A well-executed offensive block is performed by jumping and reaching to penetrate with one's arms and hands over the cyberspace and into the opponent'south area.^[3] It requires anticipating the direction the ball will go once the attack takes place.^[3] It may also crave calculating the best footwork to executing the "perfect" block.

The jump should exist timed then equally to intercept the brawl'southward trajectory prior to it crossing over the airplane of the net. Palms are held deflected downwards roughly 45–threescore degrees toward the interior of the opponents' court. A "roof" is a spectacular offensive block that redirects the power and speed of the assail directly down to the assailant'south floor as if the assaulter hit the ball into the underside of a peaked firm roof.

By contrast, it is called a defensive, or "soft" block if the goal is to control and deflect the difficult-driven ball up and then that it slows down and becomes easier to defend. A well-executed soft-block is performed past jumping and placing one's hands to a higher place the net with no penetration into the opponent'due south court and with the palms upwards and fingers pointing backwards.

Blocking is too classified co-ordinate to the number of players involved. Thus, one may speak of single (or solo), double, or triple block.^[3]

Successful blocking does not always event in a "roof" and many times does not even touch the ball. While it is obvious that a block was a success when the attacker is roofed, a block that consistently forces the assailant away from their 'power' or preferred set on into a more hands controlled shot by the defence is likewise a highly successful block.

At the same time, the block position influences the positions where other defenders identify themselves while opponent hitters are spiking.

Dig

Digging is the power to prevent the ball from touching one'southward court subsequently a spike or attack, peculiarly a ball that is near touching the ground.^[3] In many aspects, this skill is similar to passing, or bumping: overhand dig and bump are also used to distinguish between defensive actions taken with fingertips or with joined arms.^[3] Information technology varies from passing however in that is it a much more reflex based skill, particularly at the higher levels. It is especially important while excavation for players to stay on their toes; several players choose to utilise a split step to brand certain they're gear up to motion in any direction.

Some specific techniques are more common in excavation than in passing. A player may sometimes perform a "swoop", i.e., throw their torso in the air with a forward movement in an attempt to save the ball, and land on their chest. When the actor also slides their hand under a ball that is almost touching the court, this is chosen a "pancake". The pancake is frequently used in indoor volleyball, but rarely if ever in beach volleyball because the uneven and yielding nature of the sand court limits the chances that the brawl volition make good, make clean contact with the paw. When used correctly, it is one of the more spectacular defensive volleyball plays.

Sometimes a player may also be forced to drop their trunk quickly to the flooring to salvage the ball. In this situation, the player makes use of a specific rolling technique to minimize the chances of injuries.

Squad play

Volleyball is substantially a game of transition from ane of the above skills to the next, with choreographed team movement between plays on the ball. These squad movements are determined by the teams chosen serve receive system, offensive system, coverage organisation, and defensive system.

The serve-receive system is the formation used past the receiving squad to endeavor to pass the brawl to the designated setter. Systems can consist of 5 receivers, 4 receivers, 3 receivers, and in some cases 2 receivers. The nearly popular formation at higher levels is a iii receiver germination consisting of two left sides and a libero receiving every rotation. This allows middles and right sides to become more than specialized at hitting and blocking.

Offensive systems are the formations used by the offence to attempt to ground the ball into the opposing court (or otherwise score points). Formations oft include designated actor positions with skill specialization (see Player specialization, below). Popular formations include the 4–2, 6–2, and 5-1 systems (run across Formations, below). There are also several different attacking schemes teams can use to continue the opposing defense force off balance.

Coverage systems are the formations used by the offence to protect their court in the example of a blocked attack. Executed past the 5 offensive players not directly attacking the ball, players move to assigned positions effectually the assaulter to dig up any ball that deflects off the block back into their ain courtroom. Popular formations include the two-3 system and the 1-2-2 system. In lieu of a system, some teams just employ a random coverage with the players nearest the hitter.

Defensive systems are the formations used by the defense force to protect against the ball beingness grounded into their court by the opposing squad. The system will outline which players are responsible for which areas of the court depending on where the opposing squad is attacking from. Popular systems include the six-Upwardly, 6-Back-Deep, and 6-Back-Slide defence. There are too several different blocking schemes teams can employ to disrupt the opposing teams' offence.

When 1 thespian is ready to serve, some teams will line upward their other five players in a screen to obscure the view of the receiving team. This action is but illegal if the server makes employ of the screen, so the telephone call is made at the referee'southward discretion as to the affect the screen fabricated on the receiving team's ability to pass the ball. The most common mode of screening involves a W formation designed to have up as much horizontal space equally possible.

Strategy

An image from an international match betwixt Italian republic and Russia in 2005. A Russian player on the left has just served, with 3 men of his team next to the net moving to their assigned cake positions from the starting ones. Two others, in the back-row positions, are preparing for defense. Italy, on the right, has three men in a line, each preparing to pass if the ball reaches him. The setter is waiting for their pass while the eye hitter with no. ten will bound for a quick hitting if the laissez passer is good enough. Alessandro Fei (no. 14) has no passing duties and is preparing for a back-row hit on the correct side of the field. Annotation the two liberos with a unlike colour wearing apparel. Heart hitters/blockers are commonly substituted past liberos in their back-row positions.

Player specialization

There are five positions filled on every volleyball squad at the elite level. Setter, Outside Hitter/Left Side Hitter, Middle Hitter, Reverse Hitter/Right Side Hitter and Libero/Defensive Specialist. Each of these positions plays a specific, key role in winning a volleyball match.

• Setters take the task for orchestrating the offence of the team. They aim for the 2nd affect and their main responsibility is to identify the ball in the air where the attackers can place the ball into the opponents' court for a signal. They have to be able to operate with the hitters, manage the tempo of their side of the court and choose the right attackers to set. Setters need to have a swift and skilful appraisal and tactical accuracy and must be quick at moving effectually the courtroom. At aristocracy level, setters used to usually exist the shortest players of a team (earlier liberos were introduced), not beingness typically required to perform spring hits, but that would imply need for curt-term replacemente by taller bench players when critical points required more effective blocks; in the 1990s taller setters (east.g. Fabio Vullo, Peter Blangé) became being deployed, in lodge to improve blocks.
• Liberos are defensive players who are responsible for receiving the attack or serve. They are usually the players on the court with the quickest reaction time and best passing skills. Libero means 'free' in Italian—they receive this proper noun as they take the ability to substitute for any other thespian on the court during each play. They do not necessarily need to be alpine, as they never play at the net, which allows shorter players with stiff passing and defensive skills to excel in the position and play an important role in the team's success. A player designated as a libero for a lucifer may not play other roles during that match. Liberos wear a dissimilar colour jersey than their teammates.
• Center blockers or Middle hitters are players that can perform very fast attacks that usually take identify almost the setter. They are specialized in blocking since they must attempt to end equally fast plays from their opponents and then quickly set up a double block at the sides of the courtroom. In non-beginners play, every team will have ii middle hitters. At elite levels, center hitters are unremarkably the tallest players, whose limited agility is countered past their height enabling more effective blocks.
• Outside hitters or Left side hitters assault from near the left antenna. The outside hitter is unremarkably the most consequent hitter on the team and gets the most sets. Inaccurate first passes usually issue in a set to the outside hitter rather than middle or opposite. Since most sets to the outside are high, the exterior hitter may take a longer arroyo, e'er starting from outside the courtroom sideline. In non-beginners play, at that place are again two exterior hitters on every squad in every match. At aristocracy level, exterior hitters are slightly shorter than middle hitters and outside hitters, only have the best defensive skills, therefore always re-placing to the centre while in the back row.
• Opposite hitters or Right-side hitters comport the defensive workload for a volleyball team in the front end row. Their primary responsibilities are to put upwards a well-formed block confronting the opponents' Exterior Hitters and serve every bit a backup setter. Sets to the reverse ordinarily go to the right side of the antennae. Therefore, they are commonly the most technical hitters since balls lifted to the right side are quicker and more hard to handle (the setters having to place the ball while slightly off-prepare to the right, and with their back to the attacker), and also having to leap from the back row when the setter is on the front row. At aristocracy level, until the 1990s several opposite hitters used to exist able to also play as middle hitters (east.thou. Andrea Zorzi, Andrea Giani), earlier high specialization curtained this flexibility in the function.

At some levels where substitutions are unlimited, teams will brand employ of a Defensive Specialist in identify of or in add-on to a Libero. This position does not have unique rules like the libero position, instead, these players are used to substitute out a poor back row defender using regular substitution rules. A defensive specialist is often used if you have a especially poor dorsum court defender in correct side or left side, but your squad is already using a libero to accept out your middles. Most often, the situation involves a team using a right side player with a big block who must be subbed out in the back row considering they aren't able to effectively play backcourt defence. Similarly, teams might utilise a Serving Specialist to sub out a poor server.

Formations

The three standard volleyball formations are known as "4–2", "half-dozen–2" and "v–1", which refers to the number of hitters and setters respectively. iv–2 is a bones formation used only in beginners' play, while 5–1 is by far the nearly common formation in high-level play.

4–two

The 4–2 formation has iv hitters and 2 setters. The setters unremarkably set up from the centre front or right front position. The team will, therefore, have two front end-row attackers at all times. In the international 4–2, the setters set from the right front end position. The international 4–two translates more easily into other forms of offence.

The setters line upwards opposite each other in the rotation. The typical lineup has two outside hitters. By adjustment like positions reverse themselves in the rotation, at that place will always be one of each position in the front and back rows. After service, the players in the front row move into their assigned positions, so that the setter is always in the centre front. Alternatively, the setter moves into the correct front and has both a middle and an outside assaulter; the disadvantage hither lies in the lack of an offside hitter, allowing i of the other team'due south blockers to "cheat in" on a eye block.

The clear disadvantage to this offensive formation is that there are only two attackers, leaving a team with fewer offensive weapons.

Another aspect is to run across the setter as an attacking strength, albeit a weakened force, because when the setter is in the frontcourt they are able to 'tip' or 'dump', so when the ball is shut to the net on the 2d touch, the setter may opt to striking the ball over with i hand. This ways that the blocker who would otherwise not have to block the setter is engaged and may allow one of the hitters to have an easier assault.

6–ii

In the vi–two formation, a player always comes forwards from the back row to set. The three front row players are all in attacking positions. Thus, all six players act as hitters at one time or another, while two can act as setters. And so the 6–two formation is actually a 4–two system, but the back-row setter penetrates to ready.

The vi–two lineup thus requires 2 setters, who line upwards contrary to each other in the rotation. In addition to the setters, a typical lineup will take two middle hitters and two outside hitters. By aligning like positions opposite themselves in the rotation, there will e'er be one of each position in the front end and back rows. Later on service, the players in the front row move into their assigned positions.

The advantage of the 6–two is that there are ever three front end-row hitters available, maximizing the offensive possibilities. Nonetheless, not only does the six–two crave a team to possess two people capable of performing the highly specialized role of setter, it also requires both of those players to be constructive offensive hitters when not in the setter position. At the international level, just the Cuban National Women'south Team employs this kind of formation. Information technology is besides used by NCAA teams in Division 3 men's play and women'south play in all divisions, partially due to the variant rules used which allow more substitutions per set than the half dozen immune in the standard rules—12 in matches involving 2 Segmentation III men's teams^[36] and 15 for all women's play.^[37]

five–1

The 5–i formation has only 1 player who assumes setting responsibilities regardless of their position in the rotation. The squad will, therefore, have three front-row attackers when the setter is in the back row and only two when the setter is in the front row, for a total of five possible attackers.

The thespian opposite the setter in a 5–ane rotation is called the reverse hitter. In general, opposite hitters exercise non laissez passer; they stand backside their teammates when the opponent is serving. The opposite hitter may be used as a third assail option (back-row assail) when the setter is in the front row: this is the normal option used to increase the assail capabilities of modernistic volleyball teams. Normally the opposite hitter is the most technically skilled hitter of the team. Dorsum-row attacks generally come from the dorsum-right position, known as zone ane, merely are increasingly performed from back-centre in high-level play.

The large advantage of this system is that the setter e'er has 3 hitters to vary sets with. If the setter does this well, the opponent's middle blocker may not have plenty time to block with the exterior blocker, increasing the gamble for the attacking team to make a point.

There is some other advantage, the same as that of a 4–2 formation: when the setter is a front-row histrion, he or she is allowed to leap and "dump" the ball onto the opponent's side. This as well can confuse the opponent's blocking players: the setter can jump and dump or can fix to one of the hitters. A practiced setter knows this and thus won't only jump to dump or to fix for a quick striking, but when setting outside equally well to misfile the opponent.

The 5–one offence is really a mix of half-dozen–ii and 4–ii: when the setter is in the front row, the law-breaking looks like a 4–two; when the setter is in the back row, the offense looks similar a 6–ii.

Controversies

In 2017, a new volleyball players' union was formed in response to dissatisfaction with the system and construction of professional person beach volleyball tournaments.^[38] The marriage is named the International Beach Volleyball Players Association, and it consists of nearly 100 professional players.^[38] The IBVPA claims its goal is to help athletes and provide them with the means to enjoy playing volleyball by improving the way the sport is run.^[38]

Another controversy inside the sport is the result of the inclusion of transgender players.^[39] With transgender athletes such every bit Tiffany Abreu joining professional volleyball teams alongside other non-transgender teammates, many professionals, sports analysts, and fans of volleyball are either expressing concerns almost the legitimacy and fairness of having transgender players on a squad or expressing support for the transgender people's efforts.^[39]

Media

Movies

• Side Out (1990): A police student goes to California and ends up playing professional person volleyball.^[xl]
• Air Bud: Spikes Back (2003): A sequel in the Air Bud series that shows the titular golden retriever playing volleyball.^[41]
• All You've Got (2006); A TV movie starring hip hop creative person Ciara.^[42]
• The Phenomenon Season (2018): A team comes together later on the death of their star player in hopes of winning the state championship.^[43]

Television

• Attacker You! (1984): A Japanese anime about a junior high schoolgirl playing volleyball later on moving to Tokyo from the countryside.
• Haikyu!! (2014): A Japanese anime almost a high school boys volleyball team striving to be the best in Japan.
• Harukana Receive (2018): A Japanese anime about teen girls playing embankment volleyball and having a match with other girls.
• two.43: Seiin High School Boys Volleyball Team (2021): A Japanese anime near a loftier schoolhouse boys volleyball team'due south journey to victory.

Variations and related games

There are many variations on the basic rules of volleyball. By far the well-nigh pop of these is embankment volleyball, which is played on sand with two people per team, and rivals the main sport in popularity.

Some games related to volleyball include:

• Beachball volleyball: A game of indoor volleyball played with a embankment brawl instead of a volleyball.
• Biribol: an aquatic variant, played in shallow swimming pools. The proper noun comes from the Brazilian city where information technology was invented, Birigui. Information technology is similar to H2o volleyball.
• Ecua-volley: A variant invented in Ecuador, with some significant variants, such as number of players, and a heavier ball.
• Footvolley: A sport from Brazil in which the easily and arms are not used, merely it is otherwise similar to beach volleyball.
• Handball: A sport in which teams accept to throw a ball using hands within a goal.
• Hooverball: Popularized by President Herbert Hoover, it is played with a volleyball net and a medicine ball; information technology is scored like tennis, but the ball is caught and and so thrown back. The weight of the medicine ball tin can brand the sport physically demanding for players; annual championship tournaments are held in W Branch, Iowa.
• Newcomb ball (sometimes spelled "Nuke 'Em"): In this game, the brawl is caught and thrown instead of hit; it rivaled volleyball in popularity until the 1920s.
  • Prisoner Ball: As well played with volleyball court and a volleyball, prisoner ball is a variation of Newcomb brawl where players are "taken prisoner" or released from "prison" instead of scoring points. This version is usually played by young children.^[44]
• Sepak Takraw: Played in Southeast Asia using a rattan brawl and allowing simply players' feet, knees, chests, and heads to bear upon the ball.
• Snowfall volleyball: a variant of embankment volleyball that is played on snow. The Fédération Internationale de Volleyball has announced its plans to brand snow volleyball function of the future Winter Olympic Games programme.^{[45] [46] [47]}
• Throwball: became popular with female players at the YMCA College of Physical Education in Chennai (India) in the 1940s.
• Towel volleyball: towel volleyball is a pop grade of outdoor entertainment. The game takes identify in a volleyball court, and players work in pairs, holding towels in their hands and attempting to throw the ball into the opponent's field. This version can likewise be played with blankets held past 4 people. There are several variations.^{[48] [49] [50]}
• Wallyball: A variation of volleyball played in a racquetball court with a rubber ball.
• nine-man: A variant invented by Chinese immigrants to the United States in the 1930s. 9-man is still played in Asian countries and North America, being recognized for its historic and cultural significance. In 2014, an award-winning documentary was produced for the sport of 9-man, and a YouTube documentary was fabricated for the sport in 2017.^{[ citation needed ]}

Meet also

• List of volleyball players
• Listing of volleyball video games
• Volley squash
• Volleyball Hall of Fame
• Volleyball jargon
• Volleyball injuries

Notes

1. ^ "Volleyball". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2007-03-21 .
2. ^ ^{a b} "Official Volleyball Rules, 2017–2020" (PDF). 35th FIVB Earth Congress, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 2016. Retrieved 2019-01-11 .
3. ^ ^{a b c d eastward f g h i j thou l 1000 n o p q r s t u v west} Joel., Dearing (2003). Volleyball fundamentals . Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. ISBN0736045082. OCLC 50643900.
4. ^ "History of Volleyball – NCVA". ncva.com. Retrieved 2021-04-29 .
5. ^ "The International Association Preparation School Notes (vol. 4 no. 8), October, 1895".
6. ^ "In 1895, William Morgan Invents Mintonette". New England Historical Social club. 2016-01-30. Retrieved 25 October 2021. Putting his mind to the challenge, Morgan examined the rules of sports such equally baseball, basketball, handball and badminton. Taking pieces from each, he created a game he chosen Mintonette. He took the name from badminton
7. ^ "Bet You Don't Know Where Volleyball Came From". ThoughtCo. Retrieved 2018-08-04 .
8. ^ ^{a b} "The Volleyball Story". Fédération Internationale de Volleyball (FIVB). Archived from the original on January 27, 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-21 .
9. ^ ^{a b} "How Volleyball Began". Northern California Volleyball Association. Archived from the original on July i, 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-21 .
10. ^ Chicago Public Library 1911-1915. https://books.google.com/books?id=_eMtAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA317&lpg=RA1-PA317&dq=spalding+able-bodied+library+how+to+sprint#v=onepage&q=spalding%20athletic%20library%20how%20to%20sprint&f=false/ Retrieved Nov 22, 2020
11. ^ ^{a b c d} "History Of Volleyball". Volleyball World Broad. Archived from the original on 2011-05-thirteen. Retrieved 2007-09-21 .
12. ^ "History of Volleyball". SportsKnowHow.com. Retrieved 2007-09-21 .
13. ^ "History of Volleyball". volleyball.com. Archived from the original on 2007-09-24. Retrieved 2007-09-21 .
14. ^ ^{a b c} "FIVB History". Fédération Internationale de Volleyball. Archived from the original on September nineteen, 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-21 .
15. ^ Merrill, Frances (1931). Among The Nudists. Garden Urban center, New York: Garden City Publishing Visitor, Inc. pp. Analogy Plate following p. 188.
16. ^ Merrill, Frances (1932). Nudism Comes to America. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. Analogy Plate following p. 57.
17. ^ Weinberg, M.S. (1967). "The Nudist Military camp: Way of Life and Social Construction". Human Organization. 26 (three): 91–99. doi:10.17730/humo.26.3.t61k16213r005707.
18. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i} "volleyball | Definition, Rules, Positions, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 2018-08-02 .
19. ^ "Department 1.1" (PDF). Official Volleyball Rules 2017–2020. FIVB. 2016. Retrieved 2019-02-05 . The playing court is [...] surrounded by a free zone which is a minimum of iii m wide on all sides.
20. ^ "Department 3.1" (PDF). Official Volleyball Rules 2017–2020. FIVB. 2016. Retrieved 2019-02-05 . STANDARDS: The ball shall be spherical...
21. ^ "Section 12.iv.4" (PDF). Official Volleyball Rules 2017–2020. FIVB. 2016. Retrieved 2019-02-05 . The server must hit the ball within 8 seconds after the 1st referee whistles for service.
22. ^ ^{a b} "2008 Major Rules-Change Proposals" (PDF). ncaa.org. National Collegiate Athletic Association. 2008-07-14. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-08-14. Retrieved 2008-x-12 .
23. ^ Kraus, Hillary (August 25, 2001). "Volleyball serves upwardly new rules". Spokesman=Review. (Spokane, Washington). p. C7.
24. ^ Bosak, Chris (April 4, 2003). "Dominion changes everyone will recognize". The Hour. (Norwalk, Connecticut). p. E1.
25. ^ ^{a b} Chandler, Rob (May 14, 2003). "H.Southward. volleyball makes big changes". Arlington Times. (Washington). p. B2.
26. ^ Derrick, Chris (September iv, 2003). "Ready or not, rally scoring has arrived". Spokesman-Review. (Spokane, Washington). p. C1.
27. ^ Stamm, Diane (October x, 2002). "Winds of change blowing through volleyball world". McCook Daily Gazette. (Nebraska). p. 10.
28. ^ The term, significant "free" in Italian, is pronounced LEE-beh-ro (although many players and coaches pronounce it lih-Bear-oh). The American NCAA introduced the libero in 2002.Pettit, Terry; Potts, Kerri (2002-02-28). "Rules changes for the 2002 flavor". NCAA Women's Volleyball Rules Committee. Archived from the original on 2007-03-19. Retrieved 2007-01-12 . The NCAA Women'south Volleyball Rules Committee [...] approved several rules changes for the 2002 women's volleyball season including the employ of the libero player
29. ^ Bean, Josh (August xxx, 2002). "Volleyball gets new expect with 'libero'". Times Daily. (Florence, Alabama). p. 6C.
30. ^ Linenberger, Shawn (October 5, 2005). "Volleyball players adjusting to libero role". The Mirror. (Tonganoxie, Kansas). p. 1B.
31. ^ "FIVB Structure". FIVB. Retrieved 2019-01-11 .
32. ^ ^{a b c d e} "The five Types of Serves in Volleyball Y'all Must Know – Volleyball Skillful". Retrieved 2021-04-thirty .
33. ^ "What Is A Heaven Ball In Volleyball? Definition & Meaning On SportsLingo". www.sportslingo.com . Retrieved 2021-05-01 .
34. ^ "Volleyball glossary". Cambridge University Volleyball Club. Archived from the original on 2007-04-01. Retrieved 2007-03-20 .
35. ^ Program, Uga Pedb, "4. Attacking & Blocking", Ch.1 - Volleyball , retrieved 2021-05-01
36. ^ "NCAA Men'due south Volleyball 2015–17 Rules Modifications" (PDF). NCAA. August 1, 2016. Retrieved August 16, 2017. Note that if a Division Iii team is playing a team in the National Collegiate division (Division I or II), the FIVB limit of half dozen substitutions per set is enforced.
37. ^ "Dominion 11.3.ii: Substitutions – Limitations" (PDF). Women's Volleyball 2016 and 2017 Rules and Interpretations. NCAA. p. 42. Retrieved August sixteen, 2017.
38. ^ ^{a b c} "Pro beach volleyball players from around earth class union - NY Daily News". nydailynews.com. Associated Press. Retrieved 2018-08-04 .
39. ^ ^{a b} "Transgender Volleyball Star in Brazil Eyes Olympics and Stirs Debate". Retrieved 2018-08-04 .
40. ^ Side Out , retrieved 2019-08-28
41. ^ Air Bud: Spikes Back , retrieved 2019-08-28
42. ^ All Yous've Got , retrieved 2019-08-28
43. ^ The Miracle Flavor , retrieved 2019-08-28
44. ^ Games For Youth Groups. Youth Specialties. 1997. ISBN9780310220305 . Retrieved Baronial 26, 2012.
45. ^ "President Graça pledges to make volleyball first Summertime and Wintertime Olympic sport". fivb.org. Fédération Internationale de Volleyball. May 26, 2017.
46. ^ ""We've extended the golden era of volleyball": the FIVB's Fabio Azevedo on the sport's global growth". SportsPro. September 12, 2017.
47. ^ "Snow volleyball hopes to stake claim in Wintertime Olympics". NBC Sports. February 27, 2017.
48. ^ http://spi2.itvnet.lv/upload/articles/17/17265/images/img_0634.jpg^{[ bare URL image file ]}
49. ^ http://www.lns.lv/images/text/DSCF4204.JPG^{[ bare URL paradigm file ]}
50. ^ Arrange.lv. "VOLEJBOLA DVIEĻI". www.lgk.lv.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Volleyball.

• Fédération Internationale de Volleyball – FIVB
• USA Volleyball
• AVP
• American Volleyball Coaches Association

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball

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